NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table

NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table

The purpose of this assignment is to refine the PICOT question you developed in the discussion forum this week and begin evaluating literature that you will use in subsequent weeks to write your research paper.

Use the “Literature Evaluation Table” to complete this assignment. Prior to starting the “Literature Evaluation Table,” complete the following:

1.  Review the feedback you have received in the discussion forum related to your PICOT question so far. Make any necessary edits to your PICOT question.

2.  Conduct a literature search to locate four research articles focused on your selected nursing practice problem of interest. Note: This literature search should include two quantitative and two qualitative, peer-reviewed, primary research articles to support your nursing practice problem. A mixed-methods article can qualify towards meeting a qualitative or quantitative methodology. The two articles identified in Topic 1 DQ 2 can be used should you still find them relevant to your PICOT question.

Articles must be published within the past 5 years, appropriate for the assignment criteria, and relevant to nursing practice.

The PICOT question and four peer-reviewed research articles you chose will be utilized for subsequent assignments.

Note: For best search results, do not include the words qualitative and quantitative in your search terms. Do include words that narrow or broaden your main topic. For example: Search for diabetes and pediatric and dialysis. To determine what research design was used in the articles the search produced, review the abstract and the methods section of the article. The author will provide a description of data collection using qualitative or quantitative methods. Systematic reviews, literature reviews, and metanalysis articles are good resources and provide a strong level of evidence but are not considered primary research articles. Therefore, they should not be included in this assignment.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

American Association of Colleges of Nursing Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education

This assignment aligns to AACN Core Competency 1.2, 3.5, 4.1, 4.2

NRS-445 Topic 1: Literature Evaluation Table Example

Student Name: MM

Faculty Name:

Background of Nursing Practice Problem (one paragraph; no more than 250 words): Chronic primary pain is described as pain in one or more anatomic regions that persists or recurs for longer than 3 months. It is associated with significant emotional distress or significant functional disability that cannot be better explained by another chronic pain condition.

PICOT: In elderly patients with chronic pain (P), how does the use of non-pharmacological interventions (I) compared to pharmacological interventions (C) affect the level of pain and quality of life (O) over a period of six months (T)?

PICO(T) Question: Use the PICOT question developed in Topic 1 Discussion Question (DQ) 2 and refine it as needed.

PICO(T) Question Template
P	Population	Elderly patients with chronic pain
I	Intervention	Use of non-pharmacological interventions
C	Comparison	Pharmacological interventions
O	Outcome	Affect level of pain and quality of life
T	Timeline (optional)	Within 6 months
Intervention
In elderly patients with chronic pain (P), how does the use of non-pharmacological interventions (I) compared to pharmacological interventions (C) affect the level of pain and quality of life (O) over a period of six months (T)?
Problem Statement

It is not known if the implementation of non-pharmacological interventions (I) would impact level of pain and quality of life (O) among elderly patients with chronic pain.

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
APA Reference Include the GCU permalink or working link used to access the article	Smith, J., & Jones, M. (2019). Living with chronic pain: Evaluating patient experiences with healthcare services. Pain Management Nursing, 20(1), 100-108 https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/ PMC6178358/ https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1002/nop2.160	Johnson, A., & Smith, B. (2020). Nonpharmacological interventions versus pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60(5), 1000-1010. https:// www.cochranelibrary.co m/cdsr/doi/ 10.1002/14651858.CD01 2622.pub2/full	Serra, S., Spampinato, M. D., Riccardi, A., Guarino, M., Fabbri, A., Orsi, L., & De Iaco, F. (2023). Pain management at the end of life in the emergency department: a narrative review of the literature and a practical clinical approach. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(13), 435 https:// www.mdpi.com/20770383/12/13/4357	Soares Fonseca, L., Pereira Silva, J., Bastos Souza, M., Gabrich Moraes Campos, M., de Oliveira Mascarenhas, R., de Jesus Silva, H., … & Cunha Oliveira, V. (2023). Effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy on pain intensity and disability in older people with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. European Spine Journal, 32(9), 3245-3271 https:// systematicreviewsjournal .biomedcentral.com/ articles/10.1186/s13643-

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
				023-02369-0
Purpose/Aim of Study	The aim of the study is to identify if nonpharmacological interventions can provide patients with chronic pain relief allowing them to live their everyday lives comfortably.	This review aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of non pharmacological therapies for the management of chronic pain.	The management of special situations, including rapid acute deterioration of chronic pain, breakthrough pain, and sedative palliation, managing these special situations with pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management.	The purpose of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to investigate the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy on pain intensity and disability of older people with chronic nonspecific low back pain, providing comprehensive evidence for an informed decision making.
Research question(s)	How do patients with chronic pain experience healthcare services? What expectations do the patients express in relation to their health care?	Do non medication treatments improve chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) in comparison to inactive treatment? Are non pharmacologicalinterventions (unidisciplinary and/or multidisciplinary rehabilitation) effective in reducing chronic pain?	Can EOL pain be managed with nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions? Do nonpharmacological interventions provide palliative pain relief?	Compare the effect of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, placebo, sham, no intervention, and waiting list. Do patients experience pain relief?
Design	This qualitative study	This quantitative study	The qualitative article	A quantitative article by

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
Is the article qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods? Explain how you determined the type of research design.	explores the experiences of elderly patients with chronic pain, providing insights into the effectiveness and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions.	published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including cross over studies that compared non pharmacological interventions with no treatment, sham and usual care, for managing chronic pain in MS were included.	by Serra et al., (2023) explores the experiences of elderly patients with NonPharmacological Pain Management in Residential Care. The study looks into the perceptions of the elderly who were undergoing nonpharmacological pain management. Identify the available literature on the management of severe end of life pain in the Emergency Room.	Soares Fonseca et al., (2023) explain the difference between NonPharmacological and Pharmacological Pain Management in elderly. The research compares the efficacy of nonpharmacological techniques with standard pharmacological treatments in managing chronic pain among the elderly.
Setting Where did the study take place? What type of setting: inpatient, outpatient, etc.?	The study took place in Normandy. Study was completed as an outpatient study.	Study was preformed inpatient, outpatient, community and homebased.	Study took place in Italy, participants were inpatient, ER.	The type of setting was outpatient.
Sample Number and characteristics of participants	18 participants which investigated different non-pharmacological interventions for the management of chronic pain in MS fulfilled the review inclusion	The study population had a confirmed diagnosis of MS based on standard criteria and participants were aged 18 years and older with chronic pain. 10 RCTs with 565	19 articles were eligible for inclusion. Participants were ER patients with end-of-life pain.	Characteristics of the participants includes participants of the age 60 years or older. Chronic pain. Those with terminal illness were excluded. Trials that investigated

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
	criteria. Sixteen women and two men. Individuals with chronic nonmalignant pain were recruited.	participants		participants with suspected or confirmed specific spinal conditions (i.e., fracture, cancer, inflammatory or infectious diseases of the spine, cauda equina syndrome/widespread neurological disorder, radiculopathy) were excluded.
Methods Interventions/Instruments	A total of 18 individual semistructured interviews was conducted in 2015. Qualitative content analysis was applied.	Unidisciplinary: physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and individual treatment modalities, thermotherapy such as heat and cold application, psychological and behavioral therapies including cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis, relaxation training, yoga, massage, chiropractic manipulation. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs such as: occupational	Connventional pairwise meta-analysis is limited to comparing two interventions at a time and to previous trials that directly investigated these interventions, and they may not always provide all the information required to make a clinical decision.	A systematic search to identify randomized controlled trials of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for older people with chronic nonspecific low back pain.This study was prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses Protocol. RCTs investigating at least two different interventions of interest as defined above will be included. Randomization can be at

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
		therapy, physiotherapy, exercise physiology, orthotics, other allied health and nursing.		the individual or group level, and both parallel group and crossover designs will be included
Analysis How were the collected data analyzed?	The interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview guide and lasted 55–75 min. The researcher provided some structure based on the interview guide but allowed rooms for the participants to offer more spontaneous descriptions and narratives. The topics in the interview guide were: everyday life with chronic pain, carespecific challenges and experiences with offered healthcare.	Trials with multiple observations for the same outcome were assessed according to randomization and types of interventions, and separate analyses based on different periods were performed. Studies with parallel groups were included, but only data from the first phase of cross over trials were included, due to the potential carry over effects in the second phase	A comprehensive review was conducted by 20 March 2023. The databases MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and “Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials” (CENTRAL) were searched. The search strategy of each database was modeled using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) and Boolean operators: “emergency department”  AND (“pain management” OR “analgesia”) AN.    (“terminally ill” OR “palliative care” OR “actively dying” OR “end of life”).	This association of randomized controlled trials was prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P) and Cochrane recommendations. They have completed the PRISMA-P checklist (Supplementary file). A PRISMANMA extension statement to structure the contents of the actual systematic review and NMA were used.

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
Outcomes/key findings of the study and implications for nursing practice Summary of study results	Findings stress that it is vital for individuals with chronic pain to have their illness experiences and lifeworld considered as valuable. participants experienced challenges related to their multifaceted pain condition. The article implies the importance of holistic understanding and support for more person centered practiceto accommodate patients’ expectations and expressed needs.	Limited and/or lack of high quality evidence forthe effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions. Despite the use of a wide range of non pharmacological interventions for the treatment of chronic pain in MS, the evidence for these interventions is still limited or insufficient, or both.	Despite intensive research in palliative care on the management of end-of-life symptoms, there is limited data on how to adequately manage palliative care and terminally ill patients whom are admitted to the emergency department with the symptom of severe pain. Additional research is detrimental in these areas to provide the best evidence-based supportive therapy. Although strong opioids remain the cornerstone of treatment for severe pain, ‘total pain’ has multiple components, and appropriate treatment should be carefully selected for the specific type of pain, including nonpharmacological and pharmacological pain management and sedative palliation.	Evidence-based guidelines for the management of LBP have supported mainly psychological and physical therapies with less focus on pharmacological therapies. lowquality evidence supporting exercise and trigger point acupuncture on disability in older people with nonspecific LBP at short term. Implications for nursing process include advocation,
Recommendations of the researcher	The study recommends nurses should be at the forefront of achieving a biopsychosocial approach to pain management, in	Recommendations of the researcher include to achieve adequate patientcentered care nurses and health care professionals must work as a team to	Researcher recommendation includes that healthcare teams must be aware that within the elderly population they have	The study recommends further research to be completed in order to properly assess the pain management with nonpharmacological

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
	accordance with personcentered care. To achieve genuine personcentered practice, it is suggested that nurses should have a leading role and pay more attention to the patients’ values, expectations and expressed needs.	advocate for patient centered care. By providing the patients indivialized care plans which achieve their goal of pain control. This care plan can involve pharmacological interventions, nonpharmacological interventions or a combination.	often suffered from being overlooked, older people specificities that should be considered in the decision-making processes (comorbidities, and polypharmacy). These can all affect proper pain management. In this way, efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies should be clarified in this population, considering their context.	interventions, the goal is to provide debilitating pain relief which allows the patients to live their everyday life’s comfortably. Reccomendations also included increasing nonpharmacological pain management within helathcare settings. Often patients who are inpatient only receive pharmacological pain management but once discharged they are not receiving the same pain medications, they go home with pain and often minimal pain relief and do not have guidance or education on nonpharmacological pain management.
Explain how this article supports your proposed PICO(T) question.	This article includes an intervention and comparison group that mirror those in the PICOT question.  The pragmatic trial clearly	This article supports my proposed PICOT question analyzing the effect nonpharmacological interventions have on	Epidemiological studies found that the high prevalence of LBP in older people brings disability and increases costs in this population.	This article supports my PICOT question as it addresses pain management within elderly patients who present with chronic

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
	evaluates outcomes of pain management.	chronic pain management.	The target aligns with our PICOT by analyzing pain control when using non-pharmacological or pharmacological interventions.	pain. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions were compared in order to come to a conclusion which answers my PICOT question.

Research Terminology and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

Assessment Description

Complete the “Research Terminology and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)” quiz. You will have 60 minutes to complete the quiz. You will have one opportunity to attempt the quiz, and it cannot be reopened once started. Check the next Discussion NRS 445 Topic 2 DQ 1 The three types of qualitative research designs here.